Law of Investment and Financial Markets Case Study

Law of Investment and Financial Markets - Case Study Example According to the appendix 'Four Corners', the WestPoint case involved 4000 Australians, most of which were pensioners (Four Corners, 2006, Page 1). Small investors were the ones to face the tragic collapse of WestPoint, as they lost their savings and the impact of these investors is described by the procession of WestPoint Investors Group to organize demonstrations to emphasize their predicament and attract the investment casualties. Some years before, WestPoint aggrandized funds by ensconcing a network of financial planners in order to upgrade its products. The entities interested in investment ought to hold an Australian Financial Service License for initiating with the investment operation, the venture or entity that counsels about financial products ought to be an Australian Financial Service holder (AFS); called as an AFS licensee. Financial business usually are deposit accounts, insurances, investments in funds such as shares, debentures etc. If not an AFS bearer, he can either be a director or apprentice to the license bearer. Furthermore, if the former doesn't intervene, he should be an authorized delegate of the Australian Finance service bearer. These delegates or representatives can be termed as 'business authorized representatives' as they hold an approbation to represent license bearers. There are assorted legal protections provided by the Australian Finance Services license, if at all, something in appropriate or contradictory situation occurs. It is always advisable to keep in account the license details of any financial services or benefits one is planning to avail. Since, West Australia is a renowned hub for business successes and entrepreneurship, the promoters and planners allied to financial sectors, accountants and others took availed all the possible opportunities of risk tolerations to gain profits. This was all possible because of a property development called WestPoint. But, some of the financial arrangements which were careful in planning involved the profits outside the governance of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC), which was its governor. It focuses on the promulgation of Markets Advisory Committee to operate the corporate establishments. Also, it focuses on establishment of Takeovers Section, an Australian accounting Board, a financial Reporting Panel involved in financial services. This act is conformed on jurisdiction and in states which are referring only to the reach to which the legislative powers of the Parliament takes charge of the application. Australian Securities and Investment Commission is a c ommon seal with enduring succession, along with the procurement or disposal of real or personal asset. As far as membership is concerned, ASIS comprises of 8 members out of which 3 ought to be full-time associates appointed by the Governor-General. The solutions to it, definitely,

Effects of Plagiarism to the Students Essay Example for Free

Effects of Plagiarism to the Students Essay In life especially in any learning institutions, it is inevitable to engage oneself with other people’s ideas, stories and researches. Most of people’s knowledge is acquired from previous knowledge that is written and said. But people can also create their own idea from others’ works or through experiences. However, owning one’s thought is another story, it is considered stealing or corruption. Stealing a person is called kidnapping or abduction but stealing a person’s ideas or writing is called plagiarism. Idea is like a property, someone owns it. Plagiarism is against the law not only because it is a form of stealing but because its effects are very destructive to the morality of those who practice it and to the society as a whole. In academic world, plagiarism is a serious offense. Plagiarism is not only a personal matter between a student and a teacher but ultimately it is an issue of violating the moral code of learning, reversing the meaning of education itself (White, 1999). The continuous growth of Information Technology makes it easier for the students to copy and plagiarize. Plagiarism not only threatens the very foundation and purpose of academic system but plagiarism is a destructive activity that terrorizes the students’ sense of morality and values. Education is not only for the purpose of acquiring knowledge and information but education also allows students to discover their skills and intellectual capabilities. Education also trains and gives students opportunity to develop one’s character to become productive members of the society in the future. Committing plagiarism however is a missed opportunity for students’ self discovery, development and academic learning. Moreover, it threatens the sense of integrity and fair play to those who practiced it. When students became accustomed to plagiarism and stealing, it will soon become a way of life until it eventually becomes their comfort zone. There is a big possibility that after graduation, they will stay in that comfort zone. Acting plagiarism also hinders the teachers to truly monitor the learning development of a student, to know their ideas and to asses the things that they still have to work upon. When discovered, an atmosphere of distrust will be established between the class and the teacher. The teacher with skepticism will be having a difficulty identifying which is real and which is plagiarized, doubting student’s skill in writing, which may result to bias assessment. When students commit plagiarism, they reject the chance to learn something new, to widen their horizon in the world of knowledge and they hinder themselves to develop their own opinions, to give alternate perspective and analysis. These things may also affect the communication skills of the students. Since plagiarism hinders them to acquire more wisdom and information, they won’t be able to talk confidently in front of many people because of their limited knowledge. Act of plagiarism also threatens the concept of receiving grades. At the end, there is no sense of satisfaction. Those who practiced plagiarism eventually put their self worth in jeopardy. These effects of plagiarism in the students will affect their lives. Reference: Buranen, Lise. Roy, Alice Myers (1999). â€Å"Student Plagiarism as an Institutional and Social Issue by Edward M. White†. NewYork US. SUNY Press

Discrimination in Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and Th

Discrimination in the Short Stories, Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and The Lottery The trait of discrimination is the basis for the stories, Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and Lottery. Discrimination is when someone is hated or acted upon negatively for the reason of race, sex, or nationality. In the short stories the author's feelings of discrimination are expressed through the characters differently. In these stories the author has his own feelings and thought depicted through the characters. By the popular theme of discrimination and racism it suggests that these stories were written in the late sixties early seventies. In the story Harrison Bergeron the whole country is handicapped except for one individual. The one person is Hazel who is thoug...

Relations between Venezuela and the United States Essay

To create a speech/presentation about Venezuela-United States relations, with a focus on the regime of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez. Topic: Relations between Venezuela and the United States, with a focus on the Chavez administration. Purpose: To be able to analyze the roots of the current state of Venezuela-United States relations as well as its future, given the existence of the Chavez government. To say that relations between Venezuela and the United States are very shaky is already an understatement. This is because the foreign policy of the US in Latin America is a â€Å"rhetorically concealed fusion between popular elections and imperial appointments† (Landau 29). The US has a long history of overthrowing Latin American governments that show even the slightest hint of favoring the poor. As soon as they get word about a pro-poor Latin American leader, the US government would flex its political, economic and military muscles in order to replace him or her with a pro-US head of state. The end of the Cold War did not change this scenario. Since 1999, seven Latin American leaders were overthrown due to their pro-US stance. Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada resigned from the Bolivian presidency in 2005 due to massive popular revolts over his pro-US economic strategies. Paraguay’s Raul Cubas stepped down in 1999 due to charges of corruption and involvement in the assassination of Vice President Luis Maria Argana. Ecuadorian President Jamil Mahuad was toppled from power in 2000 because of his adherence to free trade (Landau 29). The regime of Peru’s Alberto Fujimori ended prematurely in 2000 mainly due to his bloody suppression of anti-US political dissent. The collapse of the Argentine economy in December 2001 because of neo-liberal policies resulted in popular revolts that forced President Fernando de la Rua to resign (Landau 29). But Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez is a Latin American leader that can be hardly described as a Washington lapdog. His pro-poor policies earned him immense respect and support from the Venezuelan masses, three consecutive presidential terms and harassment from the White House. The relationship between the US and Latin America has traditionally been that of a master and a slave. Since its first arrival on Latin America in the 19th century, the US clearly wanted nothing more from the continent but unlimited access to its natural resources (O’Brien 180). But changing political realities in the 20th century prompted the US to attain this objective in a more subtle fashion. For most of the 20th century, therefore, the US projected itself to Latin America as the â€Å"good neighbor† (Gilderhus 71) – an indispensable ally in the continent’s struggle against the Great Depression, the Axis Powers and Communism. But it was not until the postwar era that this â€Å"good neighbor† facade of the US became even more pronounced. Intensifying Latin American nationalism in the 1950s threatened US political and economic interests in the continent. The US, needing all the resources and allies it could get in order to challenge the Soviet Union in the global contest known as the Cold War, looked for an excuse to intervene in Latin America. Thus, American policymakers associated nationalism and Communism (O’Brien 181). This association between nationalism and Communism on the part of American lawmakers is valid to a certain extent. Prevailing economic conditions during and immediately after World War II led to the emergence of leftist politics and labor militancy throughout Latin America. In Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, for instance, postwar economic recovery and programs promoting industrialization resulted in the growth of manufacturing workers from about 50 to 60 percent. Increasing urban workforces, in turn, translated to larger and more militant labor movements that called for better working conditions and greater economic benefits. Furthermore, Communist parties in Cuba, Chile and Brazil obtained considerable gains in terms of membership and voter support (O’Brien 182). The aforementioned developments did not sit well with Latin America’s elite, who were fearful that leftist politics and labor militancy would make them lose their firm hold over the continent’s politics and economy. They therefore took advantage of the reemerging anti-Communist militancy of the US, using it as an excuse to roll back political reforms, outlaw Communist parties and crack down on independent unions (O’Brien 182). The American government, meanwhile, rewarded them by bestowing on them the political and economic leadership of their respective countries. A bloody, CIA-engineered coup in 1973 toppled the socialist regime of Chile’s Salvador Allende and ushered into power the pro-US Augusto Pinochet (Menjivar and Rodriguez 35). The US-backed Somoza dynasty ruled Nicaragua from 1937 to 1979, robbing the country blind and brutally suppressing all forms of legitimate political opposition (Leonard 1134). Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier became the dictators of Haiti from 1957 to 1986, living off generous amounts of political and military aid from the US (Leonard 243). The dictatorship of the Dominican Republic’s Rafael Trujillo lasted from 1930 to 1961, primarily due to his exploitation of US fears of Nazism during the 1930s and Communism during the Cold War (Leonard 244). Although socialism in Latin America declined in the 1990s, certain economic developments in Venezuela led to its resurgence in the country. Venezuela had abundant oil resources, but its oil industry was developed at the expense of equally important non-oil industries. As a result, the value of the Bolivar fuerte was dependent on fluctuating oil prices. Dropping oil prices forced the Venezuelan government to take out foreign loans and to debauch the currency. Inflation ensued, plunging the Venezuelan economy into poverty (Reid 161). Since Chavez was first elected President in 1998, Venezuela’s oil policy had represented â€Å"a dramatic break from the past† (Ellner and Salas 54). This was mainly because he used the country’s oil profits to come up with numerous social programs that were intended to help the most marginalized sectors of Venezuelan society (Ellner and Salas 54). One of Chavez’s first programs was â€Å"Plan Bolivar 2000,† a civilian-military program that included road building, house construction, mass vaccinations, land reform, the lowering of infant mortality rates, the implementation of a free state-subsidized healthcare system and a system of free education up to the tertiary level (Peet and Hartwick 192). By the end of 2001, the aforementioned program led to an increase in primary school enrollment by 1 million students (Peet and Hartwick 193). Chavez preserved his administration by using oil as a means of forging alliances with like-minded leaders. In 1999, he announced that the Venezuelan state-owned petroleum company PDVSA and the Brazilian state-run oil and gas giant Petroleo Brasileiro were reviewing plans of forming a larger joint oil company. The result of these plans would be Petrosur, an enterprise that was situated on the southern cone of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Petrosur was intended to supply oil to countries under preferential financial terms, encourage large-scale infrastructure such as pipelines and refineries and coordinate oil distribution, exploration and processing. The profits of Petrosur would be used to subsidize social programs for education, healthcare and employment (Kozloff 105). Chavez’s populist reforms earned him a second term in 2000 and a third in 2006. But his manner of using Venezuela’s oil reserves did not sit well with Washington and the Venezuelan elite. Prior to Chavez’s regime, Venezuela was the second largest supplier of oil to the United States (Noreng 74). In addition, PDVSA was controlled by the Venezuelan elites (Ellner and Salas 122). Thus, it was no longer surprising if these two parties joined forces in order to expel Chavez from power. On April 9, 2002, the CTV (Venezuela’s largest trade union organization), Fedecamaras (Venezuela’s largest business federation) and board members of the PDVSA carried out a general strike against Chavez’s oil policies. Three days later, CIA-backed elements of the Venezuelan armed forces staged a coup against him. The coup succeeded in temporarily ousting Chavez and replacing him with Fedecamaras president Pedro Carmona Estanga. Widespread popular protests, however, forced Estanga to resign from the presidency to make way for Chavez (Trinkunas 206). But the CTV, Fedecamaras and the PDVSA would not allow themselves to be defeated. On December 2, 2002, they called for the resignation of Chavez by staging another general strike. The strike lasted for 63 days – the aforementioned parties were forced to finally call it off due to subsequent detrimental effects on the Venezuelan economy. The strike was said to have devastated the Venezuelan economy by costing the latter about 7. 6% of its GDP (Kohnstamm, Bao, Porup and Schechter 28). Venezuelan politics remained turbulent until Chavez consolidated his power by winning a 2004 referendum. Having obtained tremendous political support and immense oil-generated wealth, he then proceeded to strengthen pan-American socialism. He openly established strong political and economic ties with other Leftist leaders in Bolivia, Argentina, Cuba, Uruguay, Chile and Brazil. Despite being ridiculed by Bush’s officials as â€Å"Castro’s little buddy† (Landau 30), Chavez won about 63% of the vote in Venezuela’s 2006 national elections (Kohnstamm, Bao, Porup and Schechter 28). At present, it is very obvious that majority of the Venezuelan people continue to support Chavez. In February 2009, 54% of Venezuelans (O’Neill n. pag. ) supported an amendment that would scrap presidential term limits in their country (Llana n. pag. ). Simply put, he would finally be allowed to run for the presidency in 2012. This development is ironic, considering that they rejected in 2007 a constitutional referendum which included the said issue. Moreover, Chavez’s regime was recently criticized for its failure to address acute urban problems such as transport, crime and waste disposal (O’Neill n. pag. ). But the very existence of Chavez’s administration showed Latin Americans that it is possible for them to freely elect their own representatives, as well as choose the form of government which they deem appropriate (O’Neill n. pag. ). His open defiance of Washington’s dictates proved that a Third World nation, with sheer political will and unity of the part of its citizenry, can actually assert itself to the powerful nation on earth. Through Chavez, Venezuela showed that democracy is not measured in terms of how long a leader stays in power. Rather, it is whether or not this head was in fact chosen by the people and would truly serve their interests.

How has China been affected by globalization Essay

In the late 1970s China made perhaps its most significant strategic political manoeuvre of the 20th Century when it embarked on a series of economic reforms that embraced globalization (Bijian, 2005). Deng Xiaoping and other Chinese leaders believed that to further China’s development, participation in an open global economy would be crucial to its survival (Chow, 2002) During the three decades since these reforms China’s political and economic institutions have undergone a dramatic transition (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). China has shifted from the world’s greatest opponent of globalization into a committed member of a global economy and advocate of globalization (Overholt, 2005). The pinnacle of this transformation and China’s economic growth was its admission into to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 11 December, 2001 (Allen et al, 2006 and Fishman, 2005). Consequently, China is now subjected to international trends and forces to a degree unprecedented since 1949 (Bijian, 2005 and Chow, 2004). In this essay I will analyse the effect that globalization has had on China’s political, economic, legal and technological institutions. Furthermore, I will also analyse whether China has been forced to change to pander to the international economic community or whether it has voluntarily instituted change for its own benefit and development. However before analysing the effect that globalization has had on China it is important to understand what the term â€Å"globalisation† means. Globalisation became a buzz word in the 1990s because of its influence in creating a world in which geographic location became increasingly irrelevant (Immerfall 2006). In essence globalisation refers to the unrestricted flow of goods, capital, information, technology and people across national borders (Chow, 2005a). Globalisation is, however, by no means a new phenomenon and China has been subjected to its effects for many centuries (Alford, 1999). In fact, the effects of globalisation in China go â€Å"as far back as the Han dynasty (206BC-220AD) when trade took place between the Han Chinese and neighbouring people in the North-west through the Silk Route† (Chow, 2004: 3). Despite this, in the Qing Dynasty and the early stages of the Chinese Communist Party’s rule, right up until Deng Xiaoping’s open door policy, China tried  to close its doors and restrict the influence of globalisation (Street, 2000 and Chow 2004 and 2005a). This was not the first time that China was forced to confront and implement a national strategy to either embrace or combat the effects of globalisation. In fact, as recently as the 1990s, China was confronted by this conundrum, namely: whether to continue its global economic expansion in the face of the Asian financial crisis or to once again close it doors and retreat inwards to protect itself from the economic fallout of a struggling region (Fishman, 2005 and Nolan, 2001). However, by carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of economic openness the Chinese government decided to open up the Chinese economy even more, and eventually joined the World Trade Organization by implementing large economic reforms (Bijian, 2005). There is no doubting that these economic reforms and China’s embracement of globalisation has brought stunning results. Since starting to open up and reform its economy in 1978, China â€Å"has averaged 9.4 percent annual GDP growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world† (Bijian, 2005: 3). One of the reasons for the huge leaps in growth has come from direct foreign investment that has been facilitated by China’s admission to the WTO. For example, in the space of a few days in 2004, a North Korean Steel Company launched a $500 million steel project in the Dalian development zone; France’s St Gobain invested $70 million in one of its existing glass production lines in China; Germany’s Siemens opened its fortieth office in China for development of software; and Finland’s Stora Enso invested $1.6 billion in a paper pulp project in Guandong Province (Hall et al, 2004). Such results have seen China become the third largest trading country in the world and the envy of many developing economies around the world (Chow, 2005b). While such economic statistics are regularly celebrated by the Chinese government as a success of China’s inclusion into the WTO, many in China are in fact lamenting the negative effects of globalisation and the scrutiny that WTO membership has brought. In fact WTO membership came at a very high price for the domestic Chinese economy (Overholt, 2005). Throughout the 80s  and 90s China initiated structural changes such as the phasing out of direct subsidies for exports and began cutting tariffs in preparation for inclusion into the WTO (Pearson, 2001). Over the three years from 1994 to 1997, the country’s average tariff rate was lowered from about 43 to 17 per cent and at the time of China’s entry into the WTO in late 2001, the overall average was just 15 per cent. Such drastic economic changes were at the behest of the WTO and the result being that a lot of factories and domestic industries have gone bankrupt because many people prefer foreign products which ha ve become cheaper as a result of China’s inclusion into WTO (Solinger, 2005). Furthermore, Moore (2002) also argues that China’s accession into the World Trade Organization could be viewed as more beneficial to the rest of the world rather than China itself. WTO commitments made by China do not in any way protect China’s â€Å"domestic producers† and therefore the argument that that the greatest benefit of China’s WTO membership is enjoyed by foreign companies is indeed a valid one (Moore, 2002: 311). Yang (2004: 307) argues that admission into the WTO was in fact too big of a restructure step for China and continues by noting that Chinese involvement in the WTO is great for foreign companies and bad for local ones because â€Å"one of the first laws enacted† to ensure WTO membership â€Å"was designed to attract and protect investment from overseas†. It is clear that this lack of protectionism, although beneficial to the outside world, has been disrupted the income to domestic businesses. Of particular note is the fact that with China’s WTO membership foreign investors have been allowed access to markets that were previously restricted or highly regulated (Samuelson, 2004 and Pearson, 2001). These incursions have been most evident in the insurance, telecommunications, and financial industries (Prasad, 2004). Such competition is however of great benefit to the domestic Chinese consumer. In fact, fifteen years ago China barely had any mobile telecommunication services, whereas now it claims more than 300 million mobile phone subscribers, more than any other nation (Bijian, 2005). Whether this is a result of modernisation or globalisation is highly debatable, but it is clear that Chinese consumers are embracing the increase in products and services provided by many foreign companies. Other than the local businesses being hurt by foreign investments and industries, the labour market in China is also suffering from major unemployment as a result of the forces of globalisation (Chow, 2004). While entry into the WTO has in itself not created joblessness, it has however heightened a number of trends that were already underway, including accelerating the rate of insolvency of state owned enterprises. The result being the discharge of tens of millions of workers who, when they were younger, were once assured of employment by the socialist state (Economy, 1998 and Chow 2004 and 2005b). According to Prasad (2004: 6) â€Å"the unemployment problem is in fact likely to worsen over the next few years due to restructuring in the rural and state enterprise sectors†, the very type of restructuring that has been mandated upon China by the World Trade Organisation. Another cause of the unemployment problem currently facing the Chinese economy is its shift away from sunset industries such as manufacturing, mining and construction to newer industries that demand workers with specialised skills (Prasad, 2004; Solinger 2005 and Yang 2004). Similar changes are evident in China’s effort to upgrade its technology industry, which has not only involved the replacement of much unskilled labour but in many cases also reduces the need to employ as many skilled blue-collar workers (Nolan, 2001 and Economy, 1998). While this can not be directly liked to WTO membership it is clear that the forces of globalisation are having a major impact on the Chinese economy, the products it produces and its labour force. The amazing growth in China’s economy as a result of its increased participation and integration in a global economy is also having social and political consequences. Most notable a growing divide between China’s rich and poor. Obviously China would not have self imposed such drastic economic changes purely to encourage direct foreign investment to the detriment of domestic businesses, but it is clear the benefits of the global marketplace are not being shared around China’s 1.3 billion people (Solinger, 2005 and Chow, 2004). It is very much the case in China that the rich are getting  richer and the poor are just getting left behind. This is also evident in the growing regional inequalities in China. Despite the governments attempts to rectify the situation, foreign investment has continued to flow to those provinces where education levels are the highest, infrastructure most well developed and political power most concentrated (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). Moreover, while the wealthier provinces in theory pay taxes to the centre to compensate the poorer provinces, in practice this system has failed allowing corruption to flourish, resulting in power becoming de-centralised from Beijing to local authorities. Not surprisingly such inequality has contributed to serious political tension between the haves and have nots (Bijian 2005 and Economy 1998). Overholt (2005: 7) however argues that despite the growing divide between the rich and poor, the Chinese â€Å"overwhelmingly support further globalisation†. Overholt (2005: 7) asserts that â€Å"no large country in human history has ever experienced such rapid improvements in living standards and working conditions† as China has in its acceptance of adjustments to accommodate the forces of globalisation. So while the economic dividends of China’s rapid growth are not being shared equally around the country, the majority are nonetheless better off. One of the reasons for such widespread approval of the modernisation of the economy has been the upgrading of technology, especially telecommunications which has been an essential aspect of the Chinese government’s plans for continued economic growth (Chow, 2004 and 2005a and Econommy, 1998). Normally if there is general contentment among the population then this would provide little in the way of difficulties for those in power. Fred Tipson (1998: 12) however, notes a difficult conundrum for the Chinese government in their embracement of economic globalisation. â€Å"The Chinese leadership has repeatedly emphasized the central role of telecommunications and information technologies in building its modern economy†¦..on the one hand, actively promoting a modern communications infrastructure, while on the other hand, repeatedly trying to control the content and uses of the information that pulses through it.† Tipson (1998) concludes that the  communications revolution will â€Å"diminish the need or inclination of most Chinese to defer to central authority or accept routinely the government’s characterization of reality.†The Chinese government is more than aware of the threat to its power that the technological revolution and global scrutiny presents. Given the current uprisings and discontent in Tibet the government has blocked access to many websites to control the flow of information to not only its own people, but the international community (Maunder, 2008). So while the forces of globalisation may have brought prosperity to China, the Chinese government also has to work overtime to maintain its grip on power. When evaluating the impact that globalisation has had on China it is important not to lose sight of the big picture. Economic growth alone does not provide a full picture of a country’s development and despite China’s population of 1.3 billion, its China’s economy is still just one-seventh the size of the United States’ (Bijian, 2005). However, the open-door policy that was first advanced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s has been of great success in modernising China. It is true that such rapid growth has presented China with some problems, including the demise of some domestic industries, unemployment and minor political instability, however given its current path it appears that China’s rise to superpower status is inevitable. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alford, William (1999) ‘Does the rule of law really rule?’ paper presented before the Conference on Policy Reform in China, Center for Research in Economic Development and Policy Research, Standford University, November 18-20, 1999 (Online) Available from: http://www.cdy.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/11/3/287.pdf [Accessed 10th March 2008]Allen, Franklin. Jun Qian and Meijun Qian (2006), ‘China’s Financial Reform: Past, Present and Future’ in Loren Brandt and Thomas Rawski, ed. China’s Economic Transition: Origins, Mechanism, and Consequences. University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School: MimeoBijian, Zheng (2005) ‘China’s Peaceful Rise to Great-Power Status’ Foreign Affairs September/October 2005Chow, Gregory (2002) ‘China’s Economic Transformation’ Oxford: Blackwell Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2004) ‘Knowing China’ Singapore: World Scientific Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2005a) ‘Corruption and Economic Reform in the Early 21st Century’ Princeton University, California: MimeoChow, Greogry and Yan, Shen (2005b) ‘Demand for Education in China’ Princeton University, California: MimeoEconomy, Elizabeth (1998) ‘China Confronts the Challenge of Globalization’ New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, IncFishman, Ted (2005) ‘How the rise of the next super power challenges America and the world’ New York, N.Y.: ScribnerHall, D., Jones, R., and Raffo, C. (2004) ‘Business Studies’ 3rd Edition, Lancashire: Causeway Press LtdImerfall, Stefan (2006) ‘Territoriality in the Globalizing Society: One Place or None?’ (Online) Available from: http://www.amazon.com/Territoriality-Globalizing-Society-European-Transatlantic/dp/3540643222 [Accessed 9th March 2008]Maunder, Patricia (2008) ‘The Great Firewall of China’ The Age, March 20, 2008 (Online) Available from: http://www.theage.com.au/news/w eb/the-great-firewall-of-china/2008/03/18/1205602389513.html? [Accessed 21st March 2008]Moore, Thomas (2002) ‘China in the World Market’ New York, NY: Cambridge University PressNolan, Peter (2001) ‘China and the Global Economy: National Champions, Industrial Policy and the Big Business Revolution’ New York, N.Y: PalgraveOverholt, W (2005) ‘China and Globalization’ Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, May 19, 2005. Santa Monica, California: Rand CorporationPearson, Margaret (2001) ‘The Case of China’s Accession to the GATT/WTO’, in David M. Lampton (ed.), The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978-2000 Stanford: Stanford University PressPrasad, Eswar (2004) ‘China’s Growth and Integration into the World Economy: Prospects and Challenges’ International Monetary Fund Publications, June 17, 2004. Samuelson, Paul (2004) ‘Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization’ Economic Perspectives, 18: 3 Summer, 2004Solinger, Dorothy (2005) ‘Chinese Urban Jobs and the WTO’ The China Journal, May 2005Street, N., Lynch, M and Marilyn, J (2000) ‘American Business in China: Balancing Culture and Communication (Online) Available from: http://www.cald.org/website/polparties_asia.htm [Accessed 5th March 2008]Tipson, Fred (1998) ‘China and the Information Revolution’ China Joins the World: progress and Prospects New York: Council for Foreign Relations PressYang, Dali (2003) ‘Remaking the Chinese Leviathan’ Stanford,

Definition of organizational structure Essays

Definition of organizational structure Essays Definition of organizational structure Essay Definition of organizational structure Essay Introduction After sing the definition of organisational construction we can now see the undertaking in item. As this undertaking wants to research the cultural values about three companies. Following are these three companies. VODAFONE NOKIA SBI BANK First of all would wish to present the companies in brief. VODAFONE Vodafone is a really large company holding its base office in United Kingdom and commanding its concern all over the universe. This is a company covering in cellular service supplying. It is taking company in all over the universe holding a immense client base. Vodafone Group Plc is the universe s taking nomadic telecommunications company, with a important presence in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and the United States through the Company s subordinate projects, joint ventures, associated projects and investings. The Group s nomadic subordinates operate under the trade name name Vodafone . In the United States the Group s associated project operates as Verizon Wireless. During the last few old ages, Vodafone Group has entered into agreements with web operators in states where the Group does non keep an equity interest. Under the footings of these Partner Market Agreements, the Group and its spouse operators co-operate in the development and selling of planetary merchandises and services, with changing degrees of trade name association. At 30 September 2009, based on the registered clients of nomadic telecommunications ventures in which it had ownership involvements at that day of the month, the Group had 323 million clients, excepting paging clients, calculated on a proportionate footing in conformity with the Company s per centum involvement in these ventures. The Company s ordinary portions are listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Company s American Depositary Shares ( ADSs ) are listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market. The Company had a entire market capitalization of about ?71.2 billion at 12 November 2009. Vodafone Group Plc is a public limited company incorporated in England under registered figure 1833679. Its registered office is Vodafone House, The Connection, Newbury, Berkshire, RG14 2FN, England. Referee: 2- www.vodafone.co.uk The Board of Directors of Vodafone Group Plc has adopted this codification of moralss ( the Code ) , which is applicable to all its Relevant Officers ( as defined in paragraph 2 below ) , to To advance honest and ethical behavior, including the ethical handling of existent or evident struggles of involvement ; To advance the full, just, accurate, seasonably and apprehensible revelation of the Company s fiscal consequences in conformity with applicable revelation criterions, including, where appropriate, criterions of materiality ; To advance conformity with applicable governmental Torahs, regulations and ordinances ; deter error ; and Require prompt internal coverage of breaches of, and answerability for attachment to, the Code. The Code may be amended merely by declaration of the Board of Directors of Vodafone Group Plc. In the Code, Company agencies, in appropriate context, either Vodafone Group Plc or a subordinate of Vodafone Group Plc Referee: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vodafone.com/start/about_vodafone/corporate_governance/code_of_ethics.html As defined above Vodafone s organisational civilization means their traditions, their givens, their beliefs and their schemes are easy defined as perpendicular form hierarchy or their on the job construction. They recruit different peoples from different beginnings. They are adaptative to the regulations of the authorities as and when required in different states and that is besides a ground for their success. Now we can see the organisational civilization of Nokia. NOKIA There are three chief concern groups in Nokia Devices, services and markets. All these three chief units receives functional support straight from the Corporate Development Office, led by Mary T. McDowell, which is besides responsible for researching corporate strategic and future growing chances in Nokia. Let us briefly go through this three chief groups. Devicess. This division chiefly concentrate on Nokia s nomadic development and managing portfolio. Multimedia and Enterprise Solutions every bit good as the division consist of the old mainline Mobile Phones division with the separate sub-divisions once centralized nucleus devices R A ; D called Technology Platforms. In the first one-fourth of 2006 Nokia sold over 15 million MP3 capable nomadic phones, which means that Nokia is non merely the universe s taking provider of nomadic phones and digital cameras ( as most of Nokia s nomadic telephones feature digital cameras, it is besides believed that Nokia has late overtaken Kodak in camera production doing it the largest in the universe ) , Nokia is now besides the taking provider of digital sound participants, MP3 participants, outpacing gross revenues of devices such as the iPod from Apple. At the terminal of the twelvemonth 2007, Nokia managed to sell about 440 million Mobile phones which accounted for 40 % of all planetary nomadic phones g ross revenues. Services. The Services division operates in five countries of consumer Internet services: music, maps, media, messaging and games. This group is working with companies outside the telecommunications sector to do amendments in the engineering and germinate new applications and possibilities in countries such as online services, optics, music synchronism and streaming media. MARKETS. Nokia has so many subordinates subdivisions, of which the 2 most of import till2009 are Nokia Siemens Networks and Navteq. And they both are explained here in brief. Communications and webs service platforms and besides professional services to operators and service suppliers Nokia Siemens Networks provides radio and wired web substructure. On June 19, 2006 Nokia and Siemens AG announced the companies are to unify their Mobile and fixed-line phone web equipment concerns to make one of the universe s largest webs house, called Nokia Siemens Networks. The Nokia Siemens Networks trade name individuality was later launched at the 3GSM World Congress in Barcelona in February 2007. On June 19, 2006 Nokia and Siemens AG announced the companies are to unify their Mobile and fixed-line phone web equipment concerns to make one of the universe s largest web houses, called Nokia Siemens Networks. The Nokia Siemens Networks trade name individuality was later launched at the 3GSM World Congress in Barcelona in February 2007. To sum up I can state this is a virtually advanced company runing in all over the universe. This can be a good beginning to compare different civilizations. STATE BANK OF INDIA This is a taking centralized bank holding basal office in India and ran by the authorities itself. It is a authorities venture. Long before this bank was centralised by Indian authorities and now is a taking bank in the most successful bank of universe. The beginning of theState Bank of Indiagoes back to the first decennary of the 19th century with the constitution of the Bank of Calcutta in Calcutta on 2 June 1806. Three old ages subsequently the bank received its charter and was re-designed as the Bank of Bengal. A alone establishment, it was the first joint-stock bank of British India sponsored by the Government of Bengal. The Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras followed the Bank of Bengal. These three Bankss remained at the vertex of modern banking in India till their merger as the Imperial Bank of India on 27-1-1921. TASK-2 Your research should take you to look at direction pattern adopted by organisations when faced by different cultural demands. Write a study on each of your chosen administration depicting the different direction pattern for alternate civilizations. In your study, besides include how these organisations have developed formal and informal multicultural relationship. This research subject can incorporate batch information which can spread out the proper length of this topic but in brief we should see this assignment. If we want to speak about the different direction pattern for alternate civilizations we should travel through the pull offing managers of the company. Vodafone Nick Land ( Chairman ) Dr John Buchanan ( Member ) Alan Jebson ( Member ) Anne Lauvergeon ( Member ) Sir John Bond ( Chairman ) Luc Vandevelde ( Member ) Dr John Buchanan ( Member ) Luc Vandevelde ( Chairman ) Simon Murray ( Member ) Tony Watson ( Member ) Philip Yea ( Member ) Nokia Nokia Board of Directors consists of the following 11 members: Georg Ehrnrooth, Lalita D. Gupte, Bengt Holmstrom, Henning Kagermann, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, Per Karlsson, Isabel Marey-Semper, Jorma Ollila, Marjorie Scardino, Risto Siilasmaa and Keijo Suila. Chairman Jorma Ollila Vice Chairman Dame Marjorie Scardino Other members. Georg Ehrnrooth Lalita D. Gupte Dr. Bengt Holmstrom Dr. Henning Kagermann Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo Per Karlsson Isabel Marey-Semper Risto Siilasmaa Keijo Suila STATE BANK OF INDIA Sr. No. Name of Director Sec. of SBI Act, 1955 1. Shri O.P. Bhatt Chairman 19 ( a ) 2. ShriS.K. Bhattacharyya MD A ; CC A ; RO 19 ( B ) 3. Shri R. Sridharan MD A ; GE ( A A ; S ) 19 ( B ) 4. Dr. Ashok Jhunjhunwala 19 ( degree Celsius ) 5. Shri Dileep C. Choksi 19 ( degree Celsius ) 6. Shri S. Venkatachalam 19 ( degree Celsius ) 7. Shri. D. Sundaram 19 ( degree Celsius ) 8. Dr. Deva Nand Balodhi 19 ( vitamin D ) 9. Prof. Mohd. Salahuddin Ansari 19 ( vitamin D ) 10. Dr. ( Mrs. ) Vasantha Bharucha 19 ( vitamin D ) 11. Dr. Rajiv Kumar 19 ( vitamin D ) 12. Shri Ashok Chawla 19 ( vitamin E ) 13. Smt. Shyamala Gopinath 19 ( degree Fahrenheit ) Referee From www.sbi.com This is the most of import thing to see the board of managers before sing their organisational construction. This can be illustrated by this board of administration because the issue of ethnicity in enlisting procedure at the in-between degree and lower degree of direction is of import. This shows that all the companies are holding their top degree direction from their ain state and they are non leting any other individual to come in at the top degree direction but at the in-between degree and lower degree direction. All the organisations are flourished to wider skylines. They are working in different states and with different mission but their criterions and direction methods are excessively different from each other. Their human resources section and their scheme execution section are working in different organisational civilization and different traditions. Their working schemes are different. Their work history is developed by the alterations over old ages non merely in one twenty-four hours. They organisational constructions are different non merely due to the difference in their sectors but besides depends on their acceptance. Like are they holding best fit method, best pattern method or resource based method of HRM strategic theoretical accounts. Vodafone is enrolling their employees in all over the universe from the same state in which it is working. It is presently working in more than 20 states all over the universe. They are holding decentalisation of power to better their working methods and to heighten their services but for that ground they are non giving with their values and their mission. To exemplify, they are holding their client attention service Centre in India and in all different parts they are holding the people cognizing their local linguistic communication and to give them the maximal support but in other transnational companies and international companies they are non supplying that much autonomy to their bomber subdivisions in all over the universe. They are supplying a good determination power. Except the chief policies they are allowed to alter and amend the regulations clip by clip for betterment and legal intent and it is besides a ground for Vodafone to come across the whole universe and be the first in all taking telecommunication companies. Their accomplishments are itself the reply of their journey for success can person conceive of that a company started with merely a few employees in a little office now expands to an extent that it can stands for a whole state and its glorification. Nokia Company is holding rather a different organisational civilization comparison to Vodafone and other companies because they believe in centralisation of power. They are merely leting different bomber subdivisions to execute harmonizing the guidelines provided by the higher degree direction. And no legal issue or of import determination can be made by in-between degree or lower degree employees for important issues. Their success chiefly depends on their broad scope of merchandise and their standard quality. They anyhow wants to keep the same as it is and for that are non taking any hazard and now leting any other to entree their companies name for any such issues. Even it is a market listed company and it is holding its capital in equity portions but they maintain a good sum of investing to command the concern on their ain manus. SBI bank its history is really interesting. I took this authorities sector bank and non the private sector to besides explicate the difference non merely in sectors but their direction construction. Their mission will non be the same as a private sector corporate company may hold. Their enlisting procedure is based on the best pattern method and besides depended. There is a significant difference in the behavior of parties to a contract between when they pursue their involvements entirely based on the formal contract in the absence of common trust and when there exists an informal relationship of common trust. To exemplify this, Levin ( 2003 ) cites the labour-management difference of UAL Corp. that broke out in the summer of 2001. While dialogues with the direction from 2000 to 2001 were coming to a dead terminal, UAL s pilots brotherhood called on its members to work to the missive of our understanding. Therefore, UAL pilots ( truly ) refused to work overtime and enforced stricter security cheques, which resulted in the holds and cancellations of a figure of flights and forced UAL to single-foot up $ 700 million in losingss in a individual summer ( Lowenstein, 2002 ) . Quite a few readers might retrieve that at that place used to be a labour brotherhood maneuver called a work-to-rule work stoppage. It is a well-known fact that this sch eme caused immense losingss to the now-defunct Nipponese National Railways ( predecessor of the seven Japan Railways companies ) . Referee: Quarterly Journal of Economics In the same manner there is formal and informal multicultural difference found in organisational civilizations of Vodafone, Nokia, and SBI bank. They are holding difference in acceptance of authorities policies of the national where they are working in and besides they are different in pull offing privacy between the imposts and traditions of people populating at that place. Like wise nokia has late started to utilize local linguistic communication gujrati and Hindi in nomadic phones of India. Vodafone is holding client attention centres with local linguistic communication and standard linguistic communication English. In contrast SBI Bank is holding merely nationalised attention Centre in Hindi and some in English but they are non holding attention Centres in other linguistic communications of India even non of any European linguistic communication, but in existent they are holding their profitable subdivisions in this states. This can province that they are holding tonss of formal and informal differences. All this three companies are non even keeping the same criterions as they have they are making favoritism of schemes and execution of their civilization otherwise in different degree of organisation. For illustration, Nokia is non holding the same enlisting procedure in all over the universe because in Japan senior status is the most and merely of import factor for publicity and occupation handiness harmonizing to their imposts but in other states they give precedence to efficient work. The same in Vodafone in UK they are non enrolling any other people instead than British but in other states they are non following this schemes. Even they started outsourcing of their client attention Centres in other developing states like India merely to cut down the cost but on the other terminal they are non enrolling any other than British to keep a criterion in the head of British people. In India SBI Bank is carry oning an test to enroll employees harmonizing to the norms of Indian authorities but in other states they are following new ways or following that states regulations. So such sort of instabilities is found in organisations itself. Task 3 Carry out appropriate research into at least 2 administrations which operate in a practical mode. Identify and develop suited countries which direction of Furniture works demands to look into when puting up a practical organisation. Produce a presentation reding direction on sound direction pattern in a practical administration. Background FURTINUTE WORKS is a company presently working in south London and as it is true that it is a really successful unit since last twosome of old ages it is recommended to distribute this unit all over the universe by the practical organisation. For that I would wish to see two different companies that can give a perfect thought to develop schemes and to be cognizant about the pros and cons in set uping unit outside the state. My two companies are following. DOMINOZ Metro Both above said companies are advanced and virtually organized. Their success narrative is to animating and advanced. They have besides started with a little figure of unit and now they are broad spread all over the universe merely and merely due to their virtually organized schemes and their execution. Let us see both in brief. DOMINOZ In 1960, Tom Monaghan and his brother, James, purchased Dominick s, a little pizza shop inYpsilanti, Michigan. The trade was secured by a $ 75 down payment and the brothers borrowed $ 500 to pay for the shop. Eight months subsequently, Phil traded his half of the concern to Tom for a usedVolkswagen Beetle. As exclusive proprietor of the company, Tom Monaghan renamed the concern Domino s Pizza, Inc. in 1965. In 1967, the first Domino s Pizza franchise shop opened in Ypsilanti. Domino s continued to turn and in 1978 opened its two-hundredth shop. On May 12, 1983, Domino s opened its first international shop, inWinnipeg, Canada. On the same twelvemonth, Domino s opened its 1,000th shop overall, and by 1995 Domino s had 1,000 international locations. In 1997, Domino s opened its 1,500th international location, opening seven shops per continent on back-to-back yearss. Referee: www.wikipedia.com Metro With over 32070 shop in all over 90 states subway is the taking endeavor in nutrient industry. It is good known for its nutrition and gustatory sensation. Who can conceive of that it was started by a household and now it is world-wide and it is besides due to their important and practical managing schemes. And this causes it to be wining in all over the universe. Subway is besides celebrated for its wellness and safety steps non merely for the employees but besides for the client and each member affiliated with it. For Furniture works they need to concentrate on some of the factors before get downing their concern in all over the universe or any new state. This can be listed below. To look into for the market handiness of such merchandise. To look into for natural stuff handiness. To look into for the constitution cost. To look into for the authorities policy. To look into for the worker supply. To look into for the support. To look into for the cultural environment. To look into for the environmental factors. To be after for economic every bit good as societal factors good in progress. To happen proper location. To supply proper franchises to work without duties. This all above said factors are of import before set uping new unit. These factors are including societal and economical factors every bit good as cultural factors. Understanding the nature of the alteration you wish to consequence and the context in which you are of import in finding an appropriate scheme. Entering chartless alteration district without some kind of path map pots you at an immediate disadvantage from the start. One of the first phases in charting the district is to understand a little more about the type of alteration you wish to do. The demand to place, explore and if necessary challenge the premises that underlie managerial determinations. Understanding that organisational alteration is a procedure that can be facilitated by perceptive and insightful planning and analysis and good crafted, sensitive execution stages, while admiting that it can neer be to the full isolated from tge effects if serendipity, uncertainness and opportunity. An of import message of recent direction of alteration literature is that organisation degree alteration is non fixed or liner in nature but contains an of import emergent component as identified in the subdivision on complexness theory. Above said is some of the alterations that can take topographic point within an organisation and at the sub consecutive consequence on the selling environment. Some of these are driven by invention and betterment others are the consequence of the consumer response to merchandises and the organisations themselves. For many of these, the deduction on the selling can be important. Number if these are discussed with appropriate illustrations. Presentation for sound direction patterns in practical direction. This above said points are chief points the tally any organisation in a practical mode. This can be said a guideline rules for any company including furniture work. To sum up i would wish to propose that this company should travel for developing states instead than choosing for any developed state to spread out fast. Because in developed states the rate of development is excessively slow comparison to developing states because there is nil to be developed and in developing states there are still hope for rapid growing. Task 4 Management is worried that communicating may be a job nevertheless, it has been mentioned that on-line communicating could be good to the organisation. Write a study and depict the assorted facets of effectual online and direct communicating that are available to the organisation. The really indispensable issue is to get the better of the job of communicating in company. Whether it may be between different parts of company or the communicating between degree of organisations or communicating of client to company. If this issue is identified and solved so the company will be certainly win in its way. A great trade of direction s current concern for employee productiveness and the demand to authorise people has revolved around the usage of squads. No uncertainty squads have enhanced productiveness and employee dealingss, but one should neer presume that squads are the remarkable, right way toward authorization. Sometimes single attempt instead than group attempt is needed. But more frequently what is required is the simplest demand of all communicating. When a group of industrial applied scientists were asked in a 1990 survey how to better productiveness, communicating concerns drew the strongest response to any inquiry on the study. More than 88 per centum of the applied scientists strongly agreed that the deficiency of communicating and cooperation among different constituents of a concern leads to cut down productiveness ( P and Q Survey 1990 ) . CEOs have besides recognized the importance of communicating. In a survey by A. Foster Higgins and Company, an employee-benefits consulting house found that 97 per centum of the CEOs surveyed believe that pass oning with employees positively affects occupation satisfaction. Furthermore, the study found that 79 per centum think that communicating benefits the bottom line ; surprisingly, merely 22 per centum communicate with employees weekly or more ( Farnham 1989 ) . Executives think pass oning is highly of import to the success of their concern, but they do non make it. Why is this? Possibly many CEOs and other top functionaries prefer the company of their equals to those who do non portion their positions. Possibly, like generals on the battleground, they are more hypnotized with scheme than with tactics. Regardless of the ground, it is highly rare to happen CEOs or other top functionaries who actively seek out a down-in-the-trenches position. Without this intricate, and mostly unobserved, web of communicating our commercial markets, public services and cultural establishments would fall in and decease. Presupposing a basic cognition of the methods of communicating, Blundell sets the advantages of good communicating satisfied clients, motivated staff, enhanced public repute against the obstructions to good communicating cultural differences, power political relations, fiscal and clip force per unit areas etc. However, there are many times when a bipartisan unrecorded conversation or a direct phone conversation is much more productive. Conversation is the quickest and most effectual manner to clear up any uncertainness and allows for ocular and verbal hints to be used to assist voyage the duologue. Dialogue can besides assist to spread any misinterpretations or improper reactions and can bring out new information that is valuable to the state of affairs. Communicationss that have emotional content, require struggle declaration, require group treatment or incorporate sensitive information are some illustrations of when conversation should probably be used. It s of import for people to acknowledge when these state of affairss exist so they can do the right communicating method pick. The undermentioned illustrations and effects are provided to assist better place these state of affairss. These are common instances where electronic mail is used when speaking straight would be more effectual: Conflict declaration is attempted via electronic mail. This can make long togss of public statements and extended emotional discord. A rebuke is sent through electronic mail. This can do the receiver feel like they were convicted without a test. Brainstorming or job resolution is attempted via electronic mail. This can besides make long togss of messages with big distribution lists and normally generates less than optimum consequences since immediate bipartisan communicating is non feasible. A message is sent incorporating content that may do a strong emotional reaction. If an inauspicious reaction occurs, hours or yearss may go through before the transmitter can turn to the issue. Or worse, the transmitter may neer understand that the receiver had an inauspicious reaction to the message. Group determinations for complex issues are made via electronic mail. Since bipartisan interaction is limited and many people are less comfy talking out on electronic mail, merely a part of information that would be available from a group treatment is used to do the determination. Negotiations are done via electronic mail. The ability of the transmitter to convert or carry the receiver is much more limited over electronic mail. It s really hard to interrupt down person s concerns or read their immediate reaction without direct interaction. Besides, one time the receiver publically refuses a petition over electronic mail, it is more hard to acquire them to alter his or her place. Equally obvious as it may sound, reminding people that speaking is an option may supply great benefit at times. Peoples get so used to pass oning via electronic mail that they frequently forget this point. Talking besides helps to construct informal relationships and webs that are critical to an organisation s success. Normally, if there s any signifier of uncertainness, dissension, or emotional content in an issue, holding a treatment is the best pick. And if there s any uncertainty whether an electronic mail will be effectual, you should likely speak it out alternatively. BIBILLIOGRAPHY WWW.VODAFONE.COM WWW.SBI.COM WWW.NOKIA.COM WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM WWW.DOMINOZ.COM WWW.SUBWAY.COM

Geography of the United States of America

Geography of the United States of America The United States of America is the third largest country in the world based on population and land area. The United States also has the worlds largest economy and is one of the most influential nations in the world. Fast Facts: U.S. Geography Population:  325,467,306 (2017  estimate)Capital:  Washington D.C.Area:  3,794,100 square miles (9,826,675 sq km)Bordering Countries:  Canada  and  MexicoCoastline:  12,380 miles (19,924 km)Highest Point:  Denali  (also called Mount McKinley) at 20,335 feet (6,198 m)Lowest Point:  Death Valley  at -282 feet (-86 m) Independence and Modern History of the United States The original 13 colonies of the United States were formed in 1732. Each of these had local governments and their populations grew quickly throughout the mid-1700s. However, during this time tensions between the American colonies and the British government began to arise as the American colonists were subject to British taxation but had no representation in the British Parliament. These tensions eventually led to the American Revolution which was fought from 1775-1781. On July 4, 1776, the colonies adopted the Declaration of Independence and following the American victory over the British in the war, the U.S. was recognized as independent of England. In 1788, the U.S. Constitution was adopted and in 1789, the first president, George Washington, took office. Following its independence, the U.S. grew rapidly and the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 nearly doubled the nations size. The early to mid-1800s also saw growth on the west coast as the California Gold Rush of 1848-1849 spurred western migration and the Oregon Treaty of 1846 gave the U.S. control of the Pacific Northwest. Despite its growth, the U.S. also had severe racial tensions in the mid-1800s as African slaves were used as laborers in some states. Tensions between the slave states and non-slave states led to the Civil War and eleven states declared their secession from the union and formed the Confederate States of America in 1860. The Civil War lasted from 1861-1865 when the Confederate States were defeated. Following the Civil War, racial tensions remained through the 20th century. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the U.S. continued to grow and remained neutral at the beginning of World War I in 1914. It later joined the Allies in 1917. The 1920s were a time of economic growth in the U.S. and the country began to grow into a world power. In 1929, however, the Great Depression began and the economy suffered until World War II. The U.S. also remained neutral during this war until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, at which time the U.S. joined the Allies. Following WWII, the U.S. economy again began to improve. The Cold War followed shortly thereafter as did the Korean War from 1950-1953 and the Vietnam War from 1964-1975. Following these wars, the U.S. economy, for the most part, grew industrially and the nation became a world superpower concerned with its domestic affairs because public support waivered during previous wars. On September 11, 2001, the U.S. was subject to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington D.C., which led to the government pursuing a policy of reworking world governments, particularly those in the Middle East. Government of the United States The U.S. government is a representative democracy with two legislative bodies. These bodies are the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 100 seats with two representatives from each of the 50 states. The House of Representatives consists of 435 seats and are elected by the people from the 50 states. The executive branch consists of the President who is also the head of government and chief of state. The U.S. also has a judicial branch of government that is made up of the Supreme Court, the U.S. Court of Appeals, U.S. District Courts and State and County Courts. The U.S. is comprised of 50 states and one district (Washington D.C.). Economics and Land Use in the United States The U.S. has the largest and most technologically advanced economy in the world. It mainly consists of the industrial and service sectors. The main industries include petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, and mining. Agricultural production, though only a small part of the economy, includes wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish and forest products. Geography and Climate of the United States The U.S. borders both the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans and is bordered by Canada and Mexico. It is the third largest country in the world by area and has a varied topography. The eastern regions consist of hills and low mountains while the central interior is a vast plain (called the Great Plains region) and the west has high rugged mountain ranges (some of which are volcanic in the Pacific Northwest). Alaska also features rugged mountains as well as river valleys. Hawaiis landscape varies but is dominated by volcanic topography. Like its topography, the climate of the U.S. also varies depending on location. It is considered mostly temperate but is tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest. References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, March 4). CIA - the World Factbook - United States. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.htmlInfoplease. (n.d.). United States: History, Geography, Government, Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from infoplease.com/ipa/A0108121.html

How to Write a Great College Application Essay 7 Questions to Ask Yourself

How to Write a Great College Application Essay 7 Questions to Ask Yourself 7 Questions to Ensure You Write a Great College Application Essay There’s big news in the college admissions world: Many colleges are no longer requiring the SAT or ACT essay as a component of the college application! This month, Princeton and Stanford joined a growing list of schools (including Harvard, Yale, Dartmouth, and the University of Chicago) who have dropped the SAT/ACT essay requirement. Brown University is the only Ivy League college still requiring a score, along with non-Ivies like Duke and the University of California. While applicants are still highly encouraged to submit an essay score, if they don’t, their writing skill will be assessed in other ways.* How will colleges assess students’ writing ability? Some schools will count on the multiple-choice part of the tests which assesses writing skills on some level. But no multiple-choice exam can test how a student puts ideas together, or how they use language creatively. Princeton now requires a graded writing sample from a high school class (preferably English or history), which is definitely a measure of a student’s ability to write. But it’s the only school as of now that does so. What’s left? To me, it seems intuitive that the application essay will hold more weight than ever before. Here’s a clip of my WBBM radio interview on that topic – High School Seniors: Brace for Big College Application Changes: What makes a great college application essay? Rumors abound as to what makes a good essay topic and what topics should be off limits. I hear often, for instance, that students should never write about sports. That’s simply not true. There are effective ways to write about sports and ineffective ways to write about sports. No, we don’t want to read a play-by-play of a football game in 650 characters. But leadership growth can be a great topic, as can relationship building or coming back from an injury or other challenge. You just need to be self-aware and creative in your presentation. The fact is, there are no good or bad essay topics in themselves. There are only good or bad essays. Harry Bauld hammers this point home in his book, On Writing the College Application Essay: Secrets of a former Ivy League Admissions Officer. How do you know which category your essay falls into – the good or the bad? Here are seven questions you can ask yourself to see if your essay will fall into the â€Å"good essay† category, regardless of the root topic: Am I using most of my 650 characters to talk about myself (good)? Or am I defaulting to explaining some topic or describing someone else (bad)? Am I telling a true story of how I’ve grown (good)? Or am I bending the truth to sound good (bad)? Am I using clear, persuasive language (good)? Or am I using overly flowery language to try to sound like a good writer (bad)? Am I using mostly active voice (good)? Or is my essay written mostly in passive voice (bad)? When I read my essay aloud, does it sound natural and compelling (good)? Or am I tripping over the words or getting bored (bad)? Did I give good thought to the conclusion (good)? Or did I rush it because I was running out of space (bad)? Does the conclusion build on the opening (good)? Or does it sound like a disconnected wrap-up (bad)? Do all the things in the first half of those seven questions, and you’ll be on the road to a great college application essay. And what about the topic? If you’re applying to college in the fall, start thinking about your essay topics now – and be aware of these seven questions and possible pitfalls. The application essay has never been as important as it is now. The Essay Expert is here to support you in writing a great college application essay on a great topic! Contact us  to find out how. *  This change was implemented because many states and school systems pay for their students to take the SAT or ACT – and since the essay adds up to $17 per student to the price tag, many students dont have that option. They would have to sign up and pay to take the test on their own.

The term fashion and its definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The term fashion and its definition - Essay Example The essay "The term fashion and its definition" talks about the term fashion. The second reason is that there were many significant historical and politycal events. Nowadays the main motto of fashion is â€Å"Comfort!†, though it is difficult to speak about comfort wearing the high heels. Now it is possible to say that today fashion has a wide range of contradictions and it is not really easy to find the right way. Before speaking about fashion and its changes during the last decades it is very important to define the term â€Å"fashion† itself.The term fashion applies to a prevailing mode of expression. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more quickly than the culture as a whole. The terms "fashionable" and "unfashionable" are employed to describe whether someone or something fits in with the current popular mode of expression. The term "fashion" is often used in a negative sense, as a synonym for fads and trends. In this sense, fashions are esse ntially a relief from boredom, or a distraction from important matters, for the idle rich. The term is also frequently used in a positive sense, as a synonym for glamour and style. In this sense, fashions are a sort of communal art, through which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. If to analyze the meaning of fashion it is possible to see that fashions are social psychology phenomena common to many fields of human activity and thinking. The rises and falls of fashions have been especially documented and examined.

Attorney-client Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attorney-client - Essay Example Doe has advised his attorney that he did, in fact, kill the person for which he has been arrested. While Ms. Smith did not solicit this information during the discussion, she is now privy to the fact that her client is guilty. This revelation, however, does not require Ms. Smith to notify the authorities. As an officer of the court, she is precluded from putting a witness—in this case Mr. Doe—on the stand if she knows that the witness will commit perjury; but she is not mandated to turn her client in as a result of the attorney-client privilege. It should be noted that the right to have one’s discussions with an attorney kept private is absolute in the United States. In fact, courts â€Å"have considered the attorney-client privilege to be among the most fundamental testimonial privileges in the legal system" (Kressel, 2006, p. 413). The reason for this is clear, and was recently set forth by Silbert & Joannou (2006) as necessary because it â€Å"protects confi dential communications between an attorney and his client and exists to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and administration of justice" (Silbert & Joannou, 2006, p. 1225). Thus, with just these facts, it is understood that Mr. Doe is safe from prosecution as a result of his attorney’s knowledge; he won’t be put on the stand to testify in his own defense, but he will not be revealed as the murderer by Ms. Smith either. His secret is safe with his attorney, who will mount an aggressive defense and force the prosecution to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Only one added fact could change this dynamic and actually reverse the situation. Assuming all facts as provided above, add the fact that during their conversations, Mr. Doe not only reveals that he is the killer, but is holding the child of the victim hostage in his basement. At this point, Ms. Smith has no

Reading Response # 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Response # 4 - Essay Example nd other media, from where the Arab countries came from in terms of access to information, the popularity of satellite TV can already be considered as a positive development as it gives them greater freedom in terms of content of the medium. In a study made by Sakr among the Arab youth, the study reported that most Arab youths spent at least three a hours a day on TV (81). While this may be a spike in terms of the number of hours of exposure to TV among the youth in the Middle East, the figure is not unusual comparing to other youths in the rest of the world. Just like any other kid from the rest of the world, Arab youths also love to watch TV. Perhaps this concern of increased number of hours of watching satellite TV among the Arab youth came from the perspective that there was no such popularity of TV watching before as the state used to control the content of TV. Satellite beaming changed the media landscape for it rendered authoritarian governments powerless in controlling the content of this media. In turn, its audience, particularly the youth, found a greater sense of freedom in terms of content, hence the extended number of hours watching it. Freedom may be a given and an overlooked concept in the western world but it is a big deal in Middle East. In a study done again by Sakr (83), the findings showed that the main reason why educated Arabs left and wanting to leave their respective home countries is because of the lack of freedom. Television may have a powerful influence in a society but it has to be taken in its proper context. TV is just a platform of information and entertainment, and to a certain extent, a medium of public discourse. Compared to a state controlled content, satellite beaming of TV networks such as Dubai-based Middle East Broadcasting Centre (MBC) Lebanese-based Future TV in 1995, Qatar-based al-Jazeera, Lebanese LBCI, Syrian-owned, London-based ANN etch is way better because there is a degree of freedom over the content

Personal Statement for the University Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

For the University - Personal Statement Example Studying an undergraduate degree on Accounting and Finance in University of Exeter gave me greater insights into how the subject and the function of accounting within business help to define the process. During my first year compulsory modules, Business Law for Accountants, I understood and demonstrated knowledge of the legal systems in the UK and the principle features of business law. The Hong Kong legal systems are based on the UK system and so although this module was UK-based.Knowledge of the law can help me in dealing with unexpected difficulties. During my holiday in 2011, I have travelled to a new villa in the Maldives for vacation with my friends. During this 1 week holiday, my friends and I were promised by a travel agency that there was a bar and English speakers on premise. However, when we arrived, they spoke very poor English and the bar only opened once during the week. As such, we are very disappointed with the journey. When I came back to Hong Kong, I filed suit agai nst the travel contract by applying the case "Jarvis v Swan Tours (1973)" which I had learned in my business law module. Finally, I held to be entitled to damages for my disappointment. As a result, I received 1/3 of the cost of my holiday as well as receiving â€Å"disappointment damages† for the holiday. Due to the fact that I was able to apply the case law I was familiar with in order to positively affect my own life as well as the life of my friends, I have become greatly more interested in better understanding the nuances of the law.

Internal Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Internal Marketing - Essay Example (Tathman, 1978, no page) Creating an enabling kind of culture. This is only done when each and every employee is empowered by their management when they allow innovation, creativity and when they allow different kinds of initiatives and take further responsibilities. Ensuring rewards. Each and every kind of an organization must ensure that they are providing their customers and their employees the best thing and along with this when their employees perform well then they should reward them with extra amount, or with extra bonus. Fairness during hard period. There should be a fair treatment when employees are working together they should be treated equally so that they can perform better in an organization and when the performance improves, then automatically they will generate good results. When different people are working together in an organization they are thus there to perform in the most efficient manner. They should thus work very hard in order to generate the best results so that their organization can be prosper and remain competitive. (Tathman, 1978, no page) Internal marketing along with all its activities encourages their employee to perform better and more efficiently. Internal Marketing leads their employees to empower, give them a form of accountability and create a common mean and a common way of understanding their business organization. IM helps to encourage employees in order to offer superb service to all their clients by appreciating their valuable kind of contribution towards the successes of their business, it also helps the non marketing staff in order to learn and make them able in order to perform different forms of staff in the marketing field. It helps in improving the customer retention as well and in the development of the employees of the organization. (Tathman, 1978, no page) Along with this internal marketing integrates the business structure, business culture, the human resource management, social and professional needs and the strategies and vision of the employees. It helps in creating good cooperation and good coordination among the departments of their business. Following are some problems, which effect the implementation of an internal marketing Interpersonal managerial incompetence, the conceptual and technical skills are some of the hard blocks against the successful internal marketing. The poor understanding of all the concepts of an internal marketing. Different types of conflicts, which occurs between individuals and between the departments. Internal marketing is termed as an important tool for implementation. It helps a lot in communication and apart from this it also helps a lot to overcome any kind of resistance for any kind of change. Internal Marketing informs and involves all the staff members in any kind of new initiatives and in all the kind of

Personal Statement for the University Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

For the University - Personal Statement Example Studying an undergraduate degree on Accounting and Finance in University of Exeter gave me greater insights into how the subject and the function of accounting within business help to define the process. During my first year compulsory modules, Business Law for Accountants, I understood and demonstrated knowledge of the legal systems in the UK and the principle features of business law. The Hong Kong legal systems are based on the UK system and so although this module was UK-based.Knowledge of the law can help me in dealing with unexpected difficulties. During my holiday in 2011, I have travelled to a new villa in the Maldives for vacation with my friends. During this 1 week holiday, my friends and I were promised by a travel agency that there was a bar and English speakers on premise. However, when we arrived, they spoke very poor English and the bar only opened once during the week. As such, we are very disappointed with the journey. When I came back to Hong Kong, I filed suit agai nst the travel contract by applying the case "Jarvis v Swan Tours (1973)" which I had learned in my business law module. Finally, I held to be entitled to damages for my disappointment. As a result, I received 1/3 of the cost of my holiday as well as receiving â€Å"disappointment damages† for the holiday. Due to the fact that I was able to apply the case law I was familiar with in order to positively affect my own life as well as the life of my friends, I have become greatly more interested in better understanding the nuances of the law.

Success of Product Repositioning Strategy for Class B Office Essay

Success of Product Repositioning Strategy for Class B Office Development in Moscow - Essay Example My company hired by a real estate investments fund, an owner of this property, received commercial contract to arrange marketing campaign and to sell these buildings as residential property. The reasoning behind this strategy is quite simple. On one hand, relatively small investors receive opportunity to invest into lucrative office property market in Moscow, which has 10-12% rate of return on investment compared to 5-6% that of residential property market. On the other hand, property developers receive so much desired cash significantly decreasing the whole property development cycle and improve their own rate of return on investment. The classical scheme (when office buildings are kept by developers to receive lease income or sold to strategic investors interested in regular income stream provided by lease payments) is modified with a new buy option for typical clients (lease holders) and completely a new option for residential property investors. Despite recent severe turbulence o n the equity markets and overall pessimistic attitude towards any long term investments our group managed to achieve remarkable results. The success of the strategy is proven by retail sale of a number of office buildings in Moscow. The purpose of this essay is to illustrate how theoretical strategic tools can be used in a real business situation to identify new business innovations and to assess how close the theory is to reality. The strategy theory undoubtedly provides useful tools for assessing current situation and identifying new opportunities. Elements of Five forces, basic supply – demand analyses, Value creation model, ERRC (Eliminate, Raise, Reduce, and Create) grid, reluctant customers and non-customers issues are theory tools used in the analysis. The analysis consists of macro and micro examination of the current commercial property industry situation in Moscow, and formulation of new opportunities in the office property sector of the industry based on the above analysis. The description of the real estate investment market in Russia In the situation of global market economic crisis, investors are becoming more risk averse and switching investment portfolios in favor of core assets like gold and real estate. Investments in property market in Russia in 2011 demonstrated 46% year on year growth with the highest volumes of 7 bn USD (See Exhibit 1 Investment volume dynamics), of which the commercial real estate sector accounts for about 95% (See Exhibit 1 Investment by sector). 2011 in Russia was remarkable by the rising number of foreign capital investments, which comprise around 45% of the total investment volume (See Exhibit Investment by investor origin). The reason for this is potentially high demand almost on all sorts of commercial property. Retail and office segments usually dominate the sector investments having 40% of total investment volume each (See Exhibit 1 Investment by sector). Moreover, the deal size increased in 2011: the numb er of deals exceeding 100 mn USD increased to 33% of total number of deals compared to 23% 2010. The market sector prime yields in Moscow stabilized at 9% in office and 11% in warehouse sectors in 2011 from the recent highs of 11.5% and 14.5% in 2009 (See 1 Exhibit Prime yield dynamics in Moscow) reaching pre crisis levels achieved by the market in 2007-2008. Historically, the office sector in Moscow has been the most attractive for

Engage in personal development in health Essay Example for Free

Engage in personal development in health Essay These are a description of my duties and responsibilities within my work role as expressed in the national occupational standards. *Provide Support for Learning Activities Speaking to the teacher before the start of the lesson to find out what I need to do and which group I will be working with. At the end of the lesson I give feedback to the teacher on how the group managed the task and identify any child who may need a little extra help. *Help to Keep Children Safe I have to help keep children safe during work, activities, play. I have to respond to accidents and report to the appointed first aider. I also encourage positive behaviour. *Contribute to Positive Relationships I need to praise and encourage the children, make sure they know the school and classroom rules and deal with any bad behaviour fairly. I must make sure my behaviour is appropriate and respectful at all times. *Provide Effective Support for your Colleagues I need to provide consistent and effective support at all times with my colleagues .I must continually develop my own skills and knowledge with ongoing training and feedback to be able to benefit myself and colleagues. *Support Literacy and Numeracy Activities I speak with the teacher before the start of the lesson to find out what support I will be required to give and to which children/group. What the activities will be and what resources are required. To make sure I have the correct workbooks with me. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback to the teacher on how the children found the task and to identify any problems such as a child needing extra help to complete the work. *Support the Use of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching and Learning I make sure the I-pads are in the classroom for the activity, I help them to use the resources safely and effectively.  When the I-pads are finished with I return them to the charging unit put them on charge so they are ready to be used for the next lesson. *Observe and Report on Pupil Performance I listen to readers on a one to one basis and if I feel a pupil is struggling I report this to the teacher we discuss what level the reading book is and possibly changing the level to a more manageable one for the pupil. *Provide Displays The pupils drew, coloured and cut out pictures of roman soldiers, I and a colleague stuck the individual soldiers on to a roll of coloured paper and then stuck them to on to the bottom of the wall in the corridor outside the classroom so it looks like soldiers marching into the classroom. This is a very good learning resource as it reinforces’ what the pupils have already learnt in topic. If any of the displays have been damaged I would remove and replace these as to keep the display boards tidy and up to date. *Invigilate Test and Examination I was asked to sit with a pupil who was required to take a maths test on their own. I made sure I was very clear on what was required of me as the test had very strict instructions on what I could say when I was reading the questions and I clarified with a colleague on what help I was allowed to give. I also made sure I had all the resources required before I began the test. *Support Pupils Learning Activities For Read Write and Inc I speak with my colleague about the group I’m working with as to which book we are on, how much support each pupil needs and if I can extend the work if this is needed. At the end of each lesson I give feedback to the teacher of any problems I or a pupil had and how I felt I dealt with the lesson, I would ask if there was anything I could improve on or do differently for the next lesson. *Promote Positive Behaviour Make sure the pupils and I follow the school and class rules. *Develop and  Promote Positive Relationships Making sure I am always polite to the pupils and colleagues. Follow the schools code of conduct, encourage positive behaviour and speak fairly to any pupil who is not following the rules. *Support the Development and Effectiveness of Work Teams I always ask colleagues if there any jobs they would like me to do once I have completed my own and I am always on time and support the whole team. *Support Literacy Development I speak with my colleague before the beginning of Read Write Inc so I can make sure I fully understand which group I will be working with, what activities I will be doing and the level of support required. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback to the teacher as to the progress of the groups so the pupil’s individual levels can be monitored as to their stages need altering or additional help required. *Support Numeracy Development I speak with my colleague before the lesson is due to start and go through my planning sheet to check all the resources are available, I would also ask which group I have and what level of support to give. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback on how the group/pupil worked so the teacher can make sure the individuals are working at their correct levels. *Prepare and Maintain the Learning Environment As soon as I arrive at school I ask the colleagues what jobs need to be done i.e., photo copying work sheets, work books out, if it’s art I would get the paint pots, brushes, paint shirts, paints and paper out ready to use. *Promote the Transfer of Learning from Outdoor Experience On a recent school trip we went to a museum where we were able to do activities about the Romans, this supports the topic which the pupils have been doing in the class room. From this trip the pupils were able to write accounts of what it would have been like to dress and march like Roman soldiers as they had experienced this on the school trip. The pupils are able to reflect on what was seen on the trip and write very detailed accounts. In my job as a support assistant I am expected to abide by the school code of practice. It is extremely important that I adhere to these rules as staff must recognise the importance of their role in creating a positive atmosphere of care and respect for others. http://www.st-helenascofe.lincs.sch.uk/info/policies/Anti%20Bullying.pdf . If a pupil reports an incident of bullying to me I would report the incident to the pupil’s class teacher as in accordance with the schools anti bullying policy. By abiding by the Health and Safety policy I am ensuring that I keep colleagues and pupils safe and not putting anyone in a situation where an accident could happen. I must make sure I am always aware of any updates to the schools policy so I am able to be effective within my role. I need to get regular feedback from my colleagues as to my own performance, by doing this I can see where improvement is needed and if a different approach would have been more effective. This ensures the pupi ls are continually getting the best support available. Bibliography www.gov.uk (accessed 12/10/2014) www.st-helenascofe.lincs.sch.uk (accessed 14/10/2014)

List of Fashion Designers and Brands

List of Fashion Designers and Brands Alexander McQueen Alexander McQueen has made his mark as one of the most respected designers in the world. The stamp of his creations lies in his integration of contrasting elements: fragility and strength, tradition and modernity, fluidity and severity. This love to create blends was extended to his perfume range as well. Angel Schlesser Spanish fashion designer Angel Schlesser has an extensive range in his brand which started with clothing for urban women and grew to carpet designs, perfumes, jewellery and even wine label designing. In the late 90s the brand launched its perfume and bath line for women which received instant approval in local and international market. Anna Sui International designer Anna Suis love for fashion started in early childhood. She designed her own clothes and clipped fashion magazine pages to serve as inspirations. In 1999, Sui launched her signature fragrance and cosmetic line. In October 1997, Anna Sui signed a fragrance licensing deal with Wella AG of Germany to develop a signature fragrance. Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American lifestyle brand. The brand is all about individualistic, classic style with a modern twist of unexpected details and surprising elements. Quality and authenticity stretches to every aspect of the brand, from its clothing to its perfume. Banana Republic fragrances are heavily influenced by the intrigue and mysticism of exploration and travel. Bench Bench, british urban lifestyle brand, originated in the 80s as a niche tee shirt brand creating pieces inspired by BMX biking and the world of skate boarding. The Bench fragrances look sleek and timeless but still encapsulate the urban spirit of the brand. Bench for Her and Bench for Him are the signature fragrances. Benetton Benetton is amongst the most popular brands in the world. It has a wide range to offer in terms of clothing, accessories and perfumes. Benetton has a casual feel about itself. On the same lines, its perfumes are soothing and smooth, making those best suited for everyday wear. Boucheron The group of Boucheron belongs to the Italian family of gold and silversmiths. Founded in 1858 by Andrea Boucheron, the famed jewelry company entered the world of perfume in 1988. With perfume, as with jewels, Boucheron reveals in bringing out hidden treasures of nature and highlight their unique elements to create masterpieces. Britney Spears Britney Jean Spears is a singer/actor born in 1981. She released her debut album titled Baby One More Time. Super success of the album made her a pop icon. She took forward her star status by endorsing her brand of perfumes. She launched her first perfume (Curious) in 2004 in alliance with Elizabeth Arden. Bugatti Bugatti means supremacy in terms of perfection, luxury and refinement. It is an Italian automobiles brand which stays true to its name. The brand thrilled its lovers by launching a range of mens perfumes along with the launch of Bugatti Veyron 16.4. The fragrance range offers unique but strong men perfumes in contemporary sculpted bottles. Bulgari The name Bulgari has been derived from the Italian bvlgari. For over a century, Bulgari has been the face of Italian style in jewelry. Bulgari has introduced many fascinating fragrances for both men women. Its fragrances carry its signature polish class. The aroma is the representation of the Brands style and charisma. Burberry In 1856 Thomas Burberry designed his first garments for the sportsmen of Basingstoke, England. Over a period of time, the brand has stayed true to its tradition of luxury. It extends this theme to Burberry fragrances that carry its classic and stylish British aura. The fragrance range is available for both men women. Cacharel The brand was started by Jean Bousquet as a fashion house and shot to fame after its creations found place on cover of Elle magazine. After launch of its mens, womens and childrens collections, Cacharel diversified activities and launched fragrances (with AnaÃÆ' ¯s AnaÃÆ' ¯s) and other product ranges including glasses and sunglasses, lingerie, stationary, swimwear, etc. Calvin Klein Calvin Klein Inc. is a fashion brand (better known as CK) founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein brings the brands style and spirit into each of its fragrances. The fragrance range consists of the sophisticated smooth names like Obsession, Eternity, Escape, and Contradiction along with the contemporary offerings like cK One and cK Be. Canali In 1934 brothers Giovanni and Giacomo Canali established an artisan workshop in Triuggio, Brianza, to produce high quality clothing. In the nineteen fifties the second generation of the family took over, consolidating its presence on the Italian market. Canali later introduced other fashion brands like Canali perfumes which have found a strong name for itself world over. Carolina Herrera American designer Carolina Herrera is a living example of the mantra its never too late. She launched her luxury clothing company when she was 40 years old, in 1980. Her brands first perfume was 212 launched in 1998. The collection has steadily grown with 212 men, Chic, 212 sexy, and 212 sexy Men. Caron Caron was founded in 1904 by Ernest Daltroff. The brand has a rich heritage in perfumery and is still considered a true fragrance house, a distinction very few companies hold.   Perfumes Caron has earned international recognition for its unique blends of pure essences encased in the most luxurious flacons. It offers perfumes for both men and women. Cartier Cartier is a French luxury jeweler and watch manufacturer. Prince of Wales honored Cartier with the title of Joaillier des Rois, Roi des Joailliers (Jeweller to Kings, King of Jewellers). Cartier is also a known name in fragrance industry. Originated in 1991, Cartier fragrances are made in association with perfumers Jean-Claude Ellena, Christine Nagel, Alberto Morillas, Mathilde Laurent etc. Carven Created in 1945, Carven fashion house has always promoted a democratic vision of fashion. Madame Carven was the first to offer accessible luxury and to capture the spirit of the moment through her simple and refined designs. Carven has large variety of perfumes. Carven fragrances are made in collaboration with perfumers Jean Carles and Edouard Hache. Cerruti The house of Cerruti was founded in 1881 by Antonio Cerruti. In 1999, Cerrutis flagship store was opened at Madison Avenue in New York. Cerruti offers a range of perfume lines sportswear. Cerruti launched its first perfume called 1881 and has since then made regular additions to the brand. Chevignon Founded in 1979, Chevignon targets urban men and offers a modern and relaxed lifestyle. Chevignons focus is always on integrating the latest fashion and trends with the values inherited from its past and prepare its new creation. The perfume range of the brand also stays true to the brands mantra and delivers latest yet authentic fragrances. Christian Audigier Christian Audigier is a French fashion designer and entrepreneur. He gained international fame for creating the Ed Hardy tattoo clothing apparel brand in the year 2004. Christian Audigier fragrances are made with perfumers Marrypierre Julien, Caroline Sabas, Olivier Gillotin etc. Designer, Christian Audigier launched 10 perfumes in the first two years. Clarins The brand was started by Courtin Clarins and initially focused on esthetic treatments. Over a period of time, the group added cosmetic and beauty products into its range. One of these product lines is fragrances which has become an important part of its portfolio. Clarins fragrances come in various ranges and styles and suit every age and emotion. Clean Aptly named, Clean, is a simple freshness fragrance making it unique in its own right. The brand was created by Randi Shinder. She created a fragrance that was reminiscent of pure soap, which replicated the feel of out of shower freshness. Soon the fragrance was a hit with the world. Cliff Richard Sir Cliff Richar is an English singer, musician, performer, actor, entrepreneur and philanthropist, who has sold over 260 million records worldwide. His brand name of perfumes is a huge hit amongst his fans, especially the ones that share names with his famous songs like devil woman. The fragrances are suited for every environment and every mood. Clinique Clinique was introduced as a dermatologists-developed cosmetics brand. It soon expanded into the complete cosmetic and fragrances brand. Clinique fragrances are made in association with perfumers Bernard Chant, Trudy Lauren etc. Clinique offers fragrances for both men and women. The most popular Clinique fragrance is Happy which carries a mix of floral citrus smell. Coty Coty, Inc. is the worlds largest fragrance company. It is known for its collaboration with celebrities like Victoria David Beckham, Beyonce Knowles, Celine Dion, Jennifer Lopez, Shania Twain etc. Coty has gifted the perfume industry with some of the most popular perfumes. Each celebrity perfume is created by keeping in mind their unique personality. Davidoff Davidoff is a Swiss luxury goods brand, which carries an interesting range of products with most popular products being perfumes and cigars cigarettes. Davidoff has wonderful and luxurious perfumes to offer via its perfumery suiting all occasions and both the sexes. Being a luxury brand, every perfume of this brand signifies royalty. Diesel Diesel was launched by Renzo Rosso in the year 1978. The product range under the brand includes denims, perfumes, casual apparel, eyewear, watches and jewelry. The perfume range of diesel is contemporary and strong. It is a more of a statement product than a pleasing fragrance. The range includes products for both sexes. Dior Christian Dior is known to offer some of the most revolutionary, trendy, and fashion defining products to the world. The brands products are not only influenced general public, but also attracted celebrities like actors supermodels. The brand has always given a touch of emotions in its perfumes and developed a number of soothing fragrances. Disney Disney scents have been created to let the world of animation hang out in the real world. With its large variety of perfumes Disney has a gift for lovers of all its characters. Like the cartoon characters of Walt Disney, these scent are fun and peppy, making them perfect everyday wear. Dolce Gabbana Dolce Gabbana is a luxury fashion house with Italian origins. It is better known by its DG logo. Along with clothing range, it offers perfumes, sunglasses etc. as well. The brand has many verities of fragrance under their belt to offer for both men women. The luxury feel of DG can be felt in its perfumes also. Donna Karen Donna Karan brand is named after the American fashion designer who created the Donna Karan New York and DKNY clothing labels. She expanded her brand by offering perfumes accessories. Donna Karan fragrances are made in association with Rodrigo Flores-Roux, Jean-Marc Chaillan, IFF, Maurice Roucel, Olivier Gillotin, Pierre Negrin, Calice Becker, Alberto Morillas, Harry Fremont etc. DSquared Dsquared is an up market fashion label created by identical twin brothers Dean and Dan Caten. Perfumes are major contributors to the product range of the brand. The perfumes bring about a luxury feel and are targeted primarily high society. The brands perfumes are popular amongst other designers as well. Elizabeth Arden In 1916, Elizabeth Arden launched her brand by opening her first salon on fashionable Fifth Avenue. Elizabeth Arden is a renowned designer in the perfume world, known for delivering consistent variety of exotic scents. The brand has been able to make its own group of loyalists. It has more than 30 perfumes to offer. Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor is known as one of the worlds most beautiful women and actors. She was the epitome of luxury and class. The same elements are carried forward to her perfumes. Her perfumes reflect her Egyptian predecessors interest in scents. A woman of no moderation, Elizabeth Taylor wants her perfumes to be like her beautiful and beloved. Emanuel Ungaro Named after the famous designer, brand Emanuel Ungaro has an existence in the perfume world since 1977 and has 23 perfumes to offer in its range. Emanuel Ungaro fragrances are made in association with perfumers Francoise Caron, Francis Kurkdjian, Olivier Polge, Domitille Michalon, Jacques Polge, Max Gavarry, Marc Chaillant, Loc Dong etc. Escada Escada is an international luxury fashion group in womens designer fashion. In thirty years, Escada has become a leading name in womens fashion, and is often worn to red carpet events by celebrities. The brands stand for premium materials, exclusivity, high-quality workmanship and wearing comfort as well as color and femininity. Estee Lauder Estee Lauder is a US based brand that has a large product basket which comprises of skin care, cosmetics, perfumes, and hair care products. The company has its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The fragrances of this fashion house are famous and widely used all over the world. FCUK French Connection is a UK based retail group which started in the year 1972. It is popularly known as FCUK. The brand has its stores all over the world. With time, the brand added various accessories and perfumes to its range. FCUK connect is the most well known perfume offered by the brand. Giorgio Armani Giorgio Armani is one of the most famous names in the fashion industry. Since 1975, Armani has overseen the launch of Giorgio Armani Junior, Underwear, Swimwear, Accessories and Perfumes. Capitalizing on the cachet of his more exclusive label, he opened the first of a series of stores selling his cheaper diffusion lines Emporio Armani and Armani Jeans. Giorgio Beverly Hills The journey of Giorgio Beverly Hills began in1961. The brand carries a sense of luxury and style and boosts of designing for various celebrities. The brand has maintained a synergy between fashion and fragrance. Giorgio Beverly Hills fragrances are made in association with perfumers Alain Astori, Bob Aliano, Harry Fremont, Annick Menardo, Alberto Morillas, Francoise Caron etc. Givenchy Givenchy is a well known French brand of clothing, accessories, perfumes and cosmetic. In the year 1952 it was founded by the designer Hubert de Givenchy. John Galliano succeeded him as designer, but he was later replaced by Alexander McQueen. The brands perfumes bring out the class smoothness associated it. Gloria Vanderbilt Gloria Vanderbilt was an American actress and a noted socialite. Her brand logo of swan has a distinctive identification. The perfume range offered as a part of the brand has lighter notes and has a universal appeal. Gloria herself contributed to getting the right smell to the products and promoted them with keen interest. Gres Gres was a French fashion house launched in Paris in 1942. Although, Gres fashion house was shut down, but its perfume division still continuous to operate out of Switzerland. Gionres has 29 perfumes in perfume indutry. Gres fragrances are made in association with perfumers Max Gavarry, Domitille Michalon, Jean-Claude Delville, Jean-Pierre Bethouart, Michel Almairac, Pierre Bourdon etc. Gucci Gucci is an Italian fashion (especially leather goods) house. It later entered into perfume market as well. Guccis products are considered as a status symbol. It offers a varied perfume range for both men women. Some of the famous Gucci fragrances include Gucci by Gucci (for both men women), Flora (for women) etc. Guerlain In 1828, Pierre-Francoise-Pascal Guerlain opened the first Guerlain boutique in Paris. The brand is known for introducing beauty and luxury to fashion and fragrance. Jean-Paul Guerlain, the successor of Pierre-Francoise-Pascal, continues to carry forward the same innovativeness and passion in all Guerlain perfumes, cosmetic and fashion products along with blending modernity into them. Guess Guess is an Amreican fashion house which offers luxury clothing line. It also offers fashion accessories like perfumes, watches etc. Guess works in association with the designers such as Barbara Zoebelein, Maurice Roucel, Claudette Belnavis, and Steve Demercado etc. This fashion house has introduced many vivacious fragrances with its self titled Guess Perfume being the most popular product. Gwen Stefani Gwen as a brand stretches beyond fashion and perfumes. It is the representation of its creator. It works in association with designer Firmenich. The first fragrance, L.A.M.B. from this brand was launched in 2003 and tasted great success. Other popular Gwen Stefani perfume is the Harajuku Lovers Sunshine Cuties series. Hanae Mori Hanae Mori is one of the leading fashion designers in Japan. Functioning since 1951 it has grown to be a multimillion company in 1990s. This fashion house o haffers a wide range of fragrances suiting all occasions and ages. Although the brand has seen many product changes, it hasnt lost its signature style in fashion and perfumes. Hugo Boss Based in Germany, since 1923, Hugo Boss designs casual wear for men and women. The brand is also well known for its perfumery. Hugo boss is named after the founder and is a very famous fashion house, defining fashion statements for years now. Hugo Boss perfumes are liked by youth adults alike. Iceberg Iceberg is a famous sports fashion brand which started in Italy. The brand has expanded to additionally offer perfumes, watches, sunglasses etc. The earliest perfumes were introduced in 1989. Iceberg fragrances are made in association with the perfumers like Sophie Labbe, Quest, Christophe Raynaud, Nathalie, Gracia-Cetto etc. The fragrances of Iceberg sooths and suits every environment and occasion. Issey Miyake Issey Miyake is a Japanese fashion designer who was born on 22 April 1938. He is known for his technology-driven clothing designs and exhibitions. He has a great range to offer via his perfumery that matches his designing styles. The perfume by name of a scent is the most popular product offered by the brand. Jean Charles Brosseau Designer Jean Charles Brosseau started his label in 1955. He worked on the concept of ready to wear clothes. Soon his brand became one of the most loved ones. Later he had perfumes to his portfolio and kept them everyday use. Jean Charles Brosseau fragrances are made in association with perfumers Pierre Bourdon, Nathalie Lorson and Francoise Caron.   Jean Paul Gaultier Jean Paul Gaultier, born in 1952, is a famous French designer. Jean Paul Gaultier fragrances are made in association with perfumers Jacques Cavallier, Francis Kurkdjian and Aurelien Guichard. The first perfume of the Gaultier house was launched in 1993; it was the famous Jean Paul Gaultier EDP for women, whose name was subsequently changed to Classique.   Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lopez is a famous celebrity singer actress. She is married to Spanish singer Mark Anthony. She has a range of perfume and clothing line to her credit. The fragrances from her label as made while keeping in minds Jennnifers personality.  Glow and Still are two of the latest fragrances from her label. Jesus del Pozo Jesus Del Pozo is a Spanish fashion designer. His designs were extremely popular in the 90s and continue to enthrall the global audiences. Jesus Del Pozo fragrances are made in association with perfumers Pierre Wargnye, Marie Salamagne, Olivier Cresp, Alberto Morillas, Max Gavarry, Christophe Raynaud, Christine Nagel, Francis Kurkdjian, Vioaline David and Christopher Sheldrake.   Jilsander Heidemarie Jiline Sander (popularly known as Jil Sander) born in 1943 is German fashion designer. Her signature style that she liked to call New look gained her a lots of attention in the industry and otherwise. Her fragrances are contemporary like her and grown in number and popularity over the years. Joop! Joop is a brand rooted in Berlin, Germany. It was started by Wolfgang Joop in 1981. A variety of faces and emotions are typical characteristic of this dynamic metropolis. Contrasts, sometimes contradictory, as if belonging to different worlds, yet forming a perfect synthesis, are Joops designs. The perfume range from the brand is as dynamic as its designs. Kenzo Kenzo Takada, the man behind the brand, was born in Hemeji Japan in 1939. He studied fashion in Europe. When he launched his own label, he created a unique mix of Japanese tradition and European style. The brand also has a wide range to offer in perfumes segment. His most popular fragrance is Flower. Kylie Minogue Kylie Minoque is an Australia based musical artist with universal appeal. Her sexy and vivacious personality, along with her songs, makes her a hot favorite especially amongst men. Kylies perfume label has a variety of perfumes to offer, with each one being a reference to her personality. Lacoste Lacoste is a French brand functioning since 1933. Lacoste is a multi product brand and deals in clothes, footwear, perfume, leather goods, watches and eyewear. The products from this fashion house symbolize the latest fashion trends. Lacoste perfumes are trendy and stylish. These perfumes are available for men as well as women. Lagerfeld Karl Lagerfeld is a German fashion designer. Besides, owning the Lagerfeld brand, hes also at helm with the Fendi and Chanel. Besides, fashion, Lagerfels brand also offers Perfumes and other accessories. This fashion house is associated with the perfumers Emilie (Bevierre) Coppermann, Mark Buxton, Olivier Cresp, Firmenich, Ron Winnegrade, Chiristine Nagel etc.   Lancaster Originating out of the country of Monaco, Lancaster is a famous cosmetics brand. The parent company behind the brand is Coty. It carries the complete range of cosmetic products. The brand is well known its perfumes range as well. Fragrances of Lancaster are made with the perfumers Emilie (Bevierre) Coppermann and Francis Kurkdjian.   Lanvin Lanvin is a well known high fashion house created by Jeanne Lanvin. The design house is known for ladies outfits and his modern approach to the fashion industry. The most significant move of the brand was when it launched its perfume range in 1924. The fragrance My sin is till date considered as one of the most unique fragrances. Liz Claiborne Liz Claiborne is a fashion company working since 1976. Situated in New York, Liz Claiborne is well known for is apparels. This company is also a reputed marketer of fragrances for women and men and offers various accessories as well. Liz Claiborne Inc.s brands include Axcess, Bora Bora, Candies, Claiborne etc. Lolita Lempicka Lolita Lempicka is a French fashion designer working with her own brand name Lolita Biz. The brand is well known for its suit designs. It has been manufacturing perfumes since the last two decades for men and women. Lolita Lempicka Forbidden Flower is one of the best selling perfumes from the brand. Mariah Carey Mariah Carey is a famous American singer and performer. She created her first fragrance M in 2007 in association with Elizabeth Arden. Working since 2007, in an association with perfumers like Olivier Gillotin, Carlos Benaim and Loc Dong she has contributed many successful fragrances to the global perfumery till date.   Mont Blanc Mont Blanc is a renowned luxury brand that offers writing instruments, perfumes, watches, jewelry etc. It is a true international brand which functions in more than 70 different countries all over the world. All Mont Blanc reflects the quality design, tradition and master craftsmanship.  Its perfume range is classy and elegant. Moschino Moschino was an italian french designer. He is most remembered for his unusual designs. He founded his own company Moonshadow in 1983 and only designed casualwear and jeans. However, he later started to make lingerie, eveningwear, shoes, menswear and perfumes.  The perfume range from Moschino carries his signature uniqueness and has found many loyalists over the period of time. Naomi Campbell Campbell was born in Streatham, London, England. She was the top British model and also starred in Michael Jacksons music videos. Since 1997, Campbell has been involved in charity work mainly focused on the children and people and also boycotted unethical treatment of animals.  Her perfume range is a part of her celebrity product linage. Nina Ricci Nina Ricci is popularly known as the Queen of fashion. Her fashion house was established in 1949 and created some globally popular clotheslines. The brands fragrances which were launched later became popular all over the world. Her most popular fragrance Nina is amongst the best selling fragrance of its time. Oscar De La Renta While living in Spain, Oscar de la Renta became interested in the world of design and began sketching for leading Spanish fashion houses. In 1963, Oscar de la Renta came to New York to design the couture collection for Elizabeth Arden and later started his fashion house and his own line of perfumes.   Paco Rabanne Paco Rabanne started his own fashion house in 1966 and became famous for using quite unconventional materials such as metal, paper and plastic for his unique and modern designs. He also worked with brands like Dior, Givenchy and Balenciaga. Paco Rabanne perfumes have gained a lot of popularity in recent past. Paloma Picasso Paloma Picasso was born in Paris on April 19, 1949. She started her career as a theatrical costumer and stylist for a Paris theatre production company. Later she added jewelery perfumes to her portfolio. She seeks to represent herself through her bold and dynamic designs, which makes her designs unique. Paris Hilton Paris Hilton is a singer / performer celebrity from USA. Her first perfume suitably called Paris Hilton is described by many fans as the best one of all of Paris Hilton perfumes. Jean-Claude Delville, Mane USA, Steve Demercado, Jean-Louis Grauby, James Krivda, Honorine Blanc and Steve De Mercado are the designers associated with her brand.   Prada Born nearly a century ago, The House of Prada is recognized worldwide for its simple and elegant creations. Prada with different brand names also deal in leather products and clothing. Prada is currently one of the most famous fashion house and big brand in fashion industry, having popular perfumes, clothing line and other accessories.   Prince Matchabelli Prince Georges V. Matchabelli, an amateur chemist, started the perfume brand of Prince Matchabelli. The first three perfumes were Princess Norina, Queen of Georgia and Ave Maria. It is not only famous for its fragrances but also for the designs of its bottles. Prince Matchabelli considered as the representative of perfumes of royal times. Quiksilver Quiksilver is a brand representative of the beach and the sport of surfing, its logo carries the concept of active sports and excellence. The brand offers a range of products like clothing, accessories and perfumes. Antoine Lie and Antoine Maisondieu are the perfumers who are in association with this brand. Ralph Lauren Ralph Lauren, the man behind the brand, was born in 1939 in New York. He is responsible for introduction of the concept of lifestyle living. This fashion house is a popular and mostly for its Polo Ralph Lauren clothing brand.  All his products, including perfumes, are a high end sophisticated ones. Revlon Revlon is a leading brand in cosmetics, skin care, fragrance and personal care and works with a vision to provide glamour, excitement and innovation through quality products at affordable prices. To do this effectively the company emphasizes on maintaining quality standards and following the right marketing strategies.  Perfumes range by Revlon is casual and everyday wear. Roberto Cavalli Roberto Cavalli is named amongst the most revolutionary designers. He caught everybodys attention with his animal print designs. His brand offers signature perfumes as well. Olivier Polge, Olivier Cresp, Jean-Charles Niel, Nathalie Lorson, Karine Dubreuil, Mathilde Bijaoui, Alberto Morillas, Maurice Roucel and Jacques Cavallier are the perfume designers associated with this fashion house.   Rochas Launched in the year 1925, Rochas fashion house is a symbol of elegance in the modern era. The perfumes from Rochas are seductive stylish. They combine modernity with tradition. The brand has grown famous day by day and its perfumes gained popularity largely because of its signature perfume Femme.   Sarah Jessica Parker Sarah Jessica Parker is a famous celebrity, most recognized for her roles in Sex and the city television show and movies. She is passionate about her brand of perfumes and makes her contributions to all the fragrances. Some of her brands fragrances include Dawn, Endless, Twilight, Lovely etc.   Sean John Sean John label is jointly owned by Sean Combs and Ron Burkle. The brand is primarily into sales of clothing and perfumes. R a period of time, the brand has gained enormous success and critical acclaim and has promptly drafted a journey from an urban label to an international brand. Sergio Tacchini Sergio Tacchini, born in 1938, is an Italian fashion designer. He is basically a sports designer and has had sponsorship association with leading tennis players of 70s and 80s. His perfume range is also sporty and youthful. The perfumer which is associated with Sergio Tacchini fragrances is Karine Dubreuil.   Stella McCartney Stella McCartney comes from a musical royalty, but she has made her mark as a successful designer. The brand portfolio includes luxury ready-to-wear, shoes, bags, fragrances, eyewear, accessories, organic skin care range and performance range with Adidas. The nose which worked on Stella McCartney fragrances is Jacques Cavallier.   Ted Lapidus Edmond Lapidus was born in Patris, France in 1929, he designed a pleasant neckline and tiered skirt and it gave him instant popularity all over the world. Following the success of its clotheslines, the brand introduced perfumes and accessories. These new additions also got the expected success amongst the brand loyalists around the world. Thierry Mugler Thiery Mugler is a fashion designer, photographer and creator of a fashion house named after him. He designed clothes which were ready to wear spreading the Italian fashion all over the world. His perfume line is also a successful product in his portfolio. His perfumes are regarded as a status symbol.   Tommy Hilfiger Tommy Hilfiger is a well known brand in fashion industry for its unique and fresh approach. This fashion house has a signature style which it maintains all across, be it cardigans, T shirts, underwear or perfumes. It is known for offering perfume line which is for young and trendy with a touch of elegance.    Tous Tous, originally from Spain, started out as jewelry and fashion designing company. It later gre